Land oil spills mainly refer to crude oil leaks caused by oil and gas gathering and transmission pipelines, crude oil storage tanks, raw oil tankers and other storage and transportation facilities, as well as oil well overflows, well blowouts and other events, and cause environmental pollution on land, endangering people's lives and properties. Land oil spills are often more difficult to clean up than marine oil spills, and a number of factors affect the emergency disposal of land oil spills, such as the geological composition of the spill site, soil structure, surface conditions, groundwater depth, traffic, etc.
Characteristics of land-based oil spills
After an oil spill on land, the oil spill will slowly collect in low lying areas through gaps in roadbeds such as drainage channels, such as pipes and roadbeds between the oil spill point and ditches and impoundments and eventually low lying areas such as ditches. The places where the oil spill eventually collects are as follows: pipelines, drainage channels, roadbeds, soil, ditches (less water or no water), impoundments, offshore areas (such as oil spill points near the sea), rivers (discharged from drains, etc.) and other low lying places, etc.
Oil spills that occur on land have the following characteristics:
1.Oil spill is scattered, small in area and relatively concentrated. When an oil spill occurs on land, the oil spill will flow from high to low along the terrain and form a gathering in the low lying areas, but the area will not be too large and the amount of oil will not be too much.(2) The oil spill is mixed with debris, but there is domestic garbage, and sand and gravel, tiles, dead branches and leaves, etc.
3) Surface oil spills are easy to control but difficult to recover.
4) Subsurface oil spills are difficult to control, have long recovery cycles, and are difficult to recover.(5) The oil spill on the ground gradually becomes less mobile with the increase of viscosity, the pollution area gradually decreases and the pollution area is limited.(6) Oil spill is easily concentrated in a small, relatively closed space. With the evaporation of the oil spill, combustible gases are formed locally to gather and are prone to explosion or combustion.
Difference between oil spills on land and oil spills on water:
No. |
Oil spill on water surface |
Land-based oil spills |
1. |
Fast diffusion rate with wind |
Slow diffusion on the surface, faster diffusion in drains and ditches |
2. |
Low probability of fire and explosion |
High probability of fire and explosion |
3. |
It is easier to isolate and treat the site |
It is more difficult to isolate and treat the site |
4. |
Oil spill floating on the water surface |
Oil spill mixed with other debris |
5. |
There are wind and waves, and the requirement for the boom to follow the waves is high |
Calmer, less requirement for boom to follow the wave |
6. |
Can operate with large recovery vessels or skimmers |
Do not use large recovery vessels or skimmers to operate |
7. |
Does not leach into the soil |
Will leach into the soil |
The sources of land based oil spills are divided into: First, land based fixed sources: oil exploration spills, oil extraction spills, oil refining spills, oil (refined oil) storage (gas stations) transport spills, oil (refined oil) storage (terminals) spills; second, land based mobile sources: oil (refined oil) transport spills on roads and railroads, oil (refined oil) transport spills on rivers (estuaries).
Hazards of land-based oil spills
Land based oil spills generally occur in areas with a large number of people, such as industrial areas and living areas, and also
have the following hazards due to the downward penetration and volatile nature of the oil spill.
1)Flammable and explosive
Compared with the water surface, land is generally hotter, which accelerates the volatilization of oil spills; there are many shades around, which makes it easy to form a place for oil vapor to gather. Therefore, oil spills on land have a higher possibility of fire and explosion accidents compared to oil spills on water.
2) Toxicity
Inhalation or skin contact with oil spills or oil vapors in humans and animals can cause acute and chronic poisoning with headache, dizziness, weakness of limbs, vomiting, blurred vision, etc. In severe cases, loss of consciousness and respiratory arrest can occur rapidly.
3) Contamination of soil and groundwater
As the oil spill leaks downward and contaminates the soil and groundwater sources, it not only causes soil salinization and poisoning, leading to soil destruction and waste, but also its toxic substances can enter the food chain system through crops or groundwater, and eventually endanger humans directly.
4) Pollution of the atmosphere
After the oil spill volatilizes, its oil and gas volatiles and other harmful gases are irradiated by the sun's ultraviolet rays and
undergo physicochemical reactions, generating photochemical smog and carcinogens, while causing the greenhouse effect
and destroying the ozone layer, etc.
(5) cause bad social impact
Once an oil spill occurs in a populated area, it can cause panic among the public and cause extremely bad effects.
How to conduct oil spill containment for oil spills on land?
The mobility of land based oil spills is somewhat restricted compared to water based oil spills, but with the increase of oil spills, the contaminated land area will keep expanding. In order to reduce the loss and impact caused by oil spills, the oil spill should be firstly enclosed and controlled. According to the characteristics of oil spill on land, the principle of containment and control is "collect", "stop" and "absorb", and the specific measures are as follows.
1) Digging trench to collect oil
Dig a pit near the source of oil spill or dig a trench by hand or excavator at the low lying area through which the oil spill flows, and lay plastic products at the bottom of the trench to prevent the oil spill from seeping into the ground, so as to intercept the flow of oil spill and prevent the oil spill from penetrating into the area through which it flows, and at the same time can achieve the purpose of gathering the oil spill and facilitating the recovery.
2)Damming and interception
In the low lying areas or small ditches through which the oil spill flows, construct interception dams with soil, sand and gravel,
sand bags filled with soil, etc. to stop the flow of the oil spill and prevent the contaminated area from expanding.
3)Build oil absorption dam
For the drainage channels that cannot be blocked (such as underground drainage channels, etc.), since most of these drainage channels are in residential areas and have the characteristics of long flowing water and narrow cross section, oil absorbing materials (such as oil absorbing ropes and oil absorbing mats) can be used to lay them and fix them to form a longer oil absorbing dam to stop the oil spill from spreading with the water. At the same time, garbage interceptor nets are placed in the upstream to intercept and clean up the garbage that may damage the oil skimmer.Along with land based containment,
rivers or offshore areas where oil spills may contaminate should be protected by placing oil booms at the mouths of drains into the sea and rivers to prevent rivers or the sea.
Equipment and materials required for land based oil spill response and disposal
Land based oil spill emergency response, the following types of equipment and materials are required.
(1) Oil spill containment equipment or materials: oil absorbing ropes, earthworks, plastic products.
2) Oil skimming equipment and materials.
(3) Cleaning materials or equipment: high pressure cleaners, pot and shovel trucks.
4) Adsorbent materials: oil absorbent socks, oil absorbent booms, oil absorbent pads, oil absorbent particles.
(5) Oil spill storage equipment or materials: tanker trucks, storage tanks.
(6) communication equipment: emergency command vehicles, walkie talkies.
(7) fire prevention and explosion proof anti poisoning equipment or materials: multifunctional gas detectors, positive pressure air respirators, fire avoidance suits, fire extinguishers, fire pumps, firefighting suits, fire pumps, fire hoses.
(8) construction vehicles: excavators, bulldozers, cranes, trucks.
(9) Logistical equipment, materials or vehicles: tents, generators, minibuses, pickup trucks.
(10) labor protection: personal emergency equipment, rain shoes, raincoats.
(11) Other equipment or materials: ropes, caution tape, caution signs, shovels.